Well Foundation

Well foundations have their origin in India & have been used for hundreds of years for providing deep foundation to important buildings and bridges. Well foundations were freely used during the Moghal Period for bridges across the major rivers. Moghal monuments including Taj Mahal are built on well foundations. Well foundations provide a solid & massive structure. This foundation has maximum sectional modulus for a given cross-sectional area. Wells can resist large horizontal forces & vertical loads even when the unsupported length is large in scourable river beds. A well foundation is monolithic and relatively rigid in its structural behavior.

Basic Elements of A Well Foundation

A well foundation is a type of foundation which is generally built in parts at the surface and sunk to its final position, where it forms the permanent foundation. Fig-1 shows a typical section of a circular well foundation.

1. Well-cap

It is a RCC slab laid at the top of the well steining to transmit the loads and moments from the pier to the well or wells below. Shape of well cap is same as that of well with a possible overhand of 150 mm all-around to accommodate lengthy piers. It is designed as a two-way slab with partial fixedity at supports. The top of the well cap is usually kept at the bed level in case of rivers with seasonal flow or at about the low water level in case of perennial rivers. Thickness of well cap is usually between 1500 mm to 2000 mm.

2. Steining

It is the main body of the well which transfers load to the base of the foundation. Steining is normally of reinforced concrete. Minimum grade of concrete used in steining is M20 with cement content not less than 310 kg/m³. To facilitate well sinking an off-set of 75 mm to 100 mm is provided in well steining at its junction with the well curb.

The thickness of well steining should not be less than 500 mm nor less than that given below.

t = KD*(L^1/2)

Where,

t = minimum thickness of concrete steining, m,

D = external diameter of circular well or dumb bell shaped well or smaller plan dimension of twin D well, m,

L = depth of well in m below L.W.L. or top of well cap whichever is greater,

K = a constant depending on the nature of subsoil and steining material (taken as 0.30 for circular well and 0.039 for twin – D well for concrete steining in sandy strata and 10% more than the corresponding value in the case of clayey soil).

3. Well curb

It is the wedge shaped RCC ring beam located at the lower portion of the well steining provided to facilitate sinking. Well curb carries cutting edge for the well and is made up of reinforced concrete using controlled concrete of grade M25. The cutting edge usually consists of a mild steel equal angle of side 150 mm. In case blasting in anticipated, the outer face of the well curb should be protected with 6 mm thick steel plate and the inner face should have 10 mm thick plate up to the top of the curb and 6 mm plate further up to a height of 3 m above the top of the curb.

4. Bottom plug

After the well is sunk to the required depth, the base of the well is plugged with concrete. This is called the bottom plug. It acts like an inverted dome supported by the steining on all the sides and transmits the load to the subsoil and acts as a raft against soil pressure from below. Minimum grade of concrete used in bottom plug is M15. Thickness of bottom plug should not be less than the half of dredge-hole diameter nor less than the value calculated using following formula.

 

 

Where,

W = total bearing pressure at the base of well,

f_c = flexural strength of concrete in bottom plug, , and,

ϑ = Poisson’s ratio for concrete, 0.18 to 0.20.

5. Top plug

The top plug is an unreinforced concrete plug, generally provided with a thickness of about 600 mm beneath the well cap to transmit the loads from the pier to the steining. Minimum grade of concrete used in top plug is M15.

The space inside the well between the bottom of the top plug and the top of bottom plug is usually filled with clean sand, so that the stability of the well against overturning is increased. While this practice is good in case of wells resting on sand or rock, the desirability of sand filling for wells resting on clayey strata is doubtful, as this increases the load on the foundation and may lead to greater settlement. In the latter case, the sand filling is done only for the part of well up to scour level, and remaining portion is left free.

6. Intermediate plug

As discussed above, for wells resting on clayey strata, it is not preferable to fill the space inside the well completely with sand. In such cases, sand filling is not done or sand is filled up to the scour level. A concrete plug covering the filling is usually provided, known as intermediate plug. Usually, thickness of intermediate plug is taken as 500 mm.