Strength and Modulus of Weathered Rock from SPT Values In the weathered rock it is difficult to drive the split sampler to the full specified depth as in soil. Hence we may estimate the strength and elastic modulus values of weathered rock by driving the spt apparatus for a fixed number of blows and find … Read more
A pile is a slender, structural member installed in the ground to transfer the structural loads to soils at some significant depth below the base of the structure. Structural loads include axial loads, lateral loads, and moments. Another term commonly used in practice for pile foundations is deep foundations. Structures that cannot be supported economically … Read more
Repair of Ceiling Plaster There are many cases where the steel reinforcements corrode due to various causes such as lack of cover, leakage of roofs, etc. As steel rust occupies very much larger volume (more than 10 times) than steel, the surrounding concrete cracks and tends to get separated from steel and finally it falls … Read more
On-Site Identification & Classification of Soil The principle terms used by civil engineers to describe soils are Gravel (particle size larger than 4.75 mm) Sand (particle size within 4.75 mm to 0.075mm) Silt & Clay (particle size less than 0.075mm) Most natural soils consist of a mixture of two or more of these constituents and … Read more
Plastic shrinkage cracking (as shown below) is caused by rapid drying of the concrete surface. They can occur at any time of the year, from cooler low-humidity weather conditions to, in particular, hot weather conditions involving any one or a combination of high temperature, low humidity and wind. These types of cracks occur while the … Read more
Theory The bond strength is the measure of the effectiveness of the grip between concrete and steel and has no standard quantitative definition. In pull out tests on plain bars, the maximum load generally represents the bond strength that can be developed between concrete and steel. With plain bars the maximum load is not very … Read more
Principle for Supervision of Stone Masonry The following principles should be followed during construction of stone masonry: The stone used in masonry should be durable and strong. All stones should be well watered before laying to avoid absorption of moisture from mortar. All stones should be properly dressed. The stones should be laid on their … Read more
Timber Classification The terms timber and wood are often used synonymously, but they have distinct meanings in the building industry. Wood is the hard, fibrous material that makes up the tree under the bark, whereas timber may be defined as a wood which retains its natural physical structure and chemical composition and is suitable for … Read more
Measurement of Density of Soil in place by Nuclear Density Gauge Purpose This is a quick method of determining the in-situ density of soil which is based on the radiation. Equipment For this test special equipment which measures in place density using gamma radiation is used. Gauge usually contains a small gamma source (about 10 … Read more
Water Content Test of Soil by Alcohol Method Purpose It is a rapid method of determining the moisture content. Though less accurate, it is more suitable as a field test. The method shall not be used if the soil contains a large proportion of clay, gypsum, calcareous matter or organic matter. Apparatus Evaporating Dish– 10 … Read more
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