PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE The following are the properties of concrete in its hardened state, used by the designer during design process of reinforced concrete structure. 1. Compressive
Portland Pozzolana Cement 1. Pozzolana Pozzolana is a volcanic powder found in Italy near Vesuvius A pozzolanic material is essentially a siliceous or aluminous material which possess no
What Is Volume Batching of Concrete? Batching of concrete means measuring different ingredients of concrete (i.e. cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water) before mixing it. When this measurement
Needle Vibrator These concrete vibrators are also referred to as poker or immersion vibrator. These are extensively used in building industry. A needle vibrator consists of a cylindrical
Comparison between Ordinary & Performance Graded Binders The primary differences between ordinary graded binder and performance graded binder is given in the following table Ordinary Graded Binders Performance
Factors Affecting Transportation The success of transportation engineering depends upon the co-ordination between the three primary elements, namely the vehicles, the roadways, and the road users. Their characteristics
Different Forms of Bitumen 1. Cutback Bitumen Normal practice is to heat bitumen to reduce its viscosity. In some situations preference is given to use liquid binders such
Processing of Borrow Area Soils / Backfill Materials The construction of subsurface structures often requires the construction of elements of the structure within or upon large masses of
Types of Backfill Materials Different types of backfill materials are used in construction industry. Backfill materials that are commonly used are described below with their engineering properties. 1.
Types of Concrete Pavement In pavement construction, three different concrete pavement design types are commonly used: Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements (JPCP), Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements (JRCP), and Continuously
