The principle terms used by civil engineers to describe soils are Gravel (particle size larger than 4.75 mm) Sand (particle size within 4.75 mm to 0.075mm) Silt & Clay (particle size less than 0.075mm) Most natural soils consist of a mixture of two or more of these constituents and may contain an admixture of organic … Read more
The embankments are constructed with locally available soils, provided it fulfils the specified requirements. Procedure of compaction to be adopted will depend on the type of soil being used in construction. General guidelines to deal with compaction of various types of soils for attaining optimum dry density/relative density at minimum effort, have been briefly given … Read more
As civil engineer, we built everything on the surface of earth. So it is important to know the structure of earth. Our planet earth was formed some 4500 million years ago. During this time period it has gone through many changes. Previously it was a ball of molten mass and gradually as the time elapsed, … Read more
Prior to construction of a structure, soil investigation is done in order to get the idea of subsurface condition. The scope of a soils investigation is generally depends on many factor, such as Type, size & importance of the structure The client Engineer’s familiarity with the soils at site Local building code Economy If an … Read more
There are three principle factors to consider before choosing the most appropriate type of foundation for a given structure. These are as follow Function of the structure and loads it must carry The sub surface condition Cost of foundation in comparison with cost of the superstructure Because of these factors, there exist several acceptable solutions … Read more
When a Portland Slag cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 12269. The fineness value of PSC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 225 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated cement when tested by Le-Chaelier method shall … Read more
When a calcined clay based Portland Pozzolana cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 1489-Part 2. The fineness value of fly ash based PPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 300 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated … Read more
When a fly ash based Portland Pozzolana cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 1489-Part 1. The fineness value of fly ash based PPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 300 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated … Read more
When a RHPC (Rapid Hardening Portland cement) is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 8041. The fineness value of RHPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 325 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated cement when tested by Le-Chaelier … Read more
When a 53 grade ordinary Portland cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 12269. The fineness value of 53 grade OPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 225 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated cement when tested … Read more