When a 43 grade ordinary Portland cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 8112. The fineness value of 43 grade OPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 225 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated cement when tested … Read more
When a 33 grade Ordinary Portland cement is tested for its physical requirements, then it must satisfy the following specifications given by IS 269. The fineness value of 33 grade OPC when tested by Blaine’s air permeability method shall not be less than 225 m2/kg. The expansion value (i.e. soundness) of unaerated cement when tested … Read more
The role of a consultant is not to find faults but to suggest and implement suitable remedial measures and to assist in achieving quality workmanship during the course of execution. Consultants generally follow the following checklist to ensure the quality of the cement concrete pavement during the time of construction. Ensure that mix design is … Read more
Phase problems are very important in soil engineering. Below are given most commonly used formulas to solve problems related to weight volume calculations. The notations used in these formulas are as follows, γb = Bulk density of soil mass γw = Density of water γsat = Saturated density γsub = Submerged density G = … Read more
The international Bureau of Weights and Measures serve as a depository for the primary international standards and as a laboratory for certification and inter comparison of national standard copies. It is based in Sevres, France. In 1960, the SI system was built upon the metre-kilogram-second system, which has seven basic units. They are: Metre: (Unit … Read more
Steps Involved in Brick Manufacturing Manufacturing of bricks consists of the following 4 operations or steps. Preparation of brick clay or brick earth Moulding of bricks Air drying of bricks Burning of bricks 1. Preparation of brick clay or brick earth In this step the soil is excavated in steps and then laid on leveled … Read more
As per IS-2911-Part1 / Sec-2, the ultimate load carrying capacity (Qu) of pile in cohesive soils is given by the given below, where the first term represents the end bearing resistance(Qb) and the second term gives the skin friction resistance(Qs). Where, Qu = Utimate load capacity, kN Ap = Cross-sectional area of pile tip, … Read more
Piles can either be driven into the ground (driven piles) or be installed in a predrilled hole (bored piles or drilled shafts). The construction of bore cast in situ concrete pile consists of 4 primary phases 1.Pile boring, 2.Reinforcement cage lowering, 3.Flushing 4.Pile concreting. Now we will discuss each phase one by one. 1. Pile … Read more
As per IS-2911-Part1/sec2, the ultimate load carrying capacity of pile, Qu, consists of two parts. One part is due to friction, called skin friction or shaft friction or side shear, Qs and the other is due to end bearing at the base or tip of the pile toe, Qb. The equation given below is used … Read more
The volume increase of fine aggregate due to presence of moisture content is known as bulking. Fine sand bulks more as compared to coarse sand. Extremely fine sand particularly the manufactured fine aggregate bulks as much as about 40%. Note: Fine aggregate do not show any bulking when it is absolutely dry or completely saturated. … Read more