WBM Road Construction Procedure Construction of water bound macadam road involves the following 6 basic steps as given below. Preparation of sub-grade Preparation of sub-base Preparation of base Preparation of wearing course Preparation of shoulders Opening to traffic Step – 1 (Construction of Sub-grade) Sub-grade act as a cushion for other layers i.e. In order … Read more
Effect of Shrinkage on Concrete Structure When concrete structures are not permanently water-saturated, it starts to lose moisture and starts to shrink from the time when the process of curing ceases. The structural effects of shrinkage area as follow. 1. Joints Shrinkage of concrete between movement joints causes joints to open or makes it wider. … Read more
Qualities of Good Timber Good timber should have the following qualities 1. Hardness A good quality timber should be hard enough to resist deterioration. 2. Strength It should have sufficient strength to resist heavy structural loads. 3. Toughness It should have enough toughness to resist shocks due to vibrations. It should not break in bending … Read more
Requirements of Good Stairs A good stair should provide an easy, quick and safe mode of communication between the various floors of the building. General requirements of good stairs are as mentioned below. 1. Location It should preferably be located centrally, ensuring sufficient light and ventilation. 2. Width of Stair The width of stairs for … Read more
Different Classes of Urban Roads The urban road are classified as under Express way Arterial streets Sub-arterial streets Collector streets Local streets 1. Expressways The city roads which are reserved for motor traffic with full or partial control access and are provided with grade separation at intersections are called expressways. These are generally constructed to … Read more
On earth retaining structures such as retaining wall, sheet piles, etc, the back fill retained mass of soil, exerts lateral pressure known as earth pressure. If the positions of the back fill lies above a horizontal plane at the elevation of the top of the structure, it is called surcharge. The inclination of the surcharge … Read more
Engineering & Physical Properties of Stones The following are the engineering and physical properties of the stones that should be looked into before selecting them for engineering works: 1. Structure The structure of the stone may be stratified (layered) or unstratified. Structured stones should be easily dressed and suitable for super structure. Unstratified stones are … Read more
Slump Cone Test of Fresh Concrete Object This test is performed to measure consistency or workability of fresh concrete, where the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 38 mm using slump test apparatus. Reference Standards IS : 1199 – 1959 – Method of sampling and analysis of concrete. Equipment & Apparatus Slump cone (Height … Read more
Advantages of Concrete The following are the advantages of concrete Concrete ingredients are easily available. Concrete can be easily handles and moulded to any desired shape. Concrete can be easily transported from the place of mixing to place of casting before initial set takes place. Concrete can be pumped or sprayed to fill into cracks … Read more
Basic Components of Paints Paint is a very complex material consisting of many components. Modern paints can have ten to twenty components, each responsible to give a specific quality to the paint. However, basically all paints consist of the following five components. 1. Base Pigment White lead, red lead, aluminium powder, etc were the pigments … Read more